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Dilution calculator

Apply C1V1 = C2V2 to find the stock volume needed for a target concentration, and how much solvent to add.

Stock volume to take
12.5 mL
Solvent to add237.5 mL
Dilution factor20 ×
Final volume250 mL

Diluting a solution adds solvent without adding solute. The number of moles present does not change; only the volume they are spread through does. That single fact gives the dilution equation.

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

The units of concentration cancel, so molarity, percent or grams per litre all work — as long as you use the same unit on both sides. The same is true of volume.

Making it up correctly

Measure the stock volume accurately with a pipette, transfer it to a volumetric flask, then add solvent up to the graduation mark. Do not measure out the solvent separately and add it to the stock: volumes are not always additive, and the error compounds with the concentrated solutions where accuracy matters most.

Serial dilution

To reach a very low concentration, dilute in stages. Ten successive 1:10 dilutions give a factor of 10¹⁰, which no single step could achieve accurately. Each stage carries its own error, so mix thoroughly between steps and use a fresh pipette tip each time.

Safety with concentrated acids

Always add acid to water, never water to acid. Dilution releases a large amount of heat, and adding water to concentrated sulfuric acid can flash it to steam and eject acid from the container.

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